第四章 動(dòng)詞的語氣
一.概念
語氣有三種:陳述語氣,祈使語氣和虛擬語氣.語氣表示說話人對(duì)勸詞所示示的動(dòng)作或所處的狀態(tài)持有的態(tài)度或看法.
二.相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講
1.辨別if 引導(dǎo)真實(shí)條件句和if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句的區(qū)別
If he has time, he will go with us.= Probably he has time and will go with us.
If he had time, he would go with us.=But in fact he has no time.
2.虛擬條件句中主句和從句的謂與動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成形式如下表
if條件句中的謂與動(dòng)詞
主句的謂與動(dòng)詞
與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反
1. 行為動(dòng)詞用did 形式
2. be動(dòng)詞用were
should
would
could + 動(dòng)詞原形
might
與過去的事實(shí)相反
had + done
should
would
could + have + done
might
與將來的事實(shí)相反
1. 行為動(dòng)詞用did
2. should + 動(dòng)詞原形
3. were to + 動(dòng)詞原形
should
would
could + 動(dòng)詞原形
might
3.混合時(shí)間的虛擬語氣
如果條件句中的動(dòng)作和主句的動(dòng)作不是同時(shí)發(fā)生，主句和從句的謂語動(dòng)詞的形式應(yīng)分別根據(jù)各自所表示的時(shí)間加以調(diào)整。
1)0If I had received the passport yesterday, I would start today.
2)If he had telephoned me last night, I would see him now.
3)If he had followed the doctor’s advice, he would be all right now.
4)If China had not been liberated, the working people would still be leading a miserable life.
4.should/ could / might/ ought to + have done 表示“過去本應(yīng)該/可以做而實(shí)際上卻沒做”
needn’t have done 表示“過去沒必要作而實(shí)際上做了”
5.虛擬語氣中的倒裝句
如果虛擬語氣的條件從句謂語動(dòng)詞中含有were, had, could, should，有時(shí)可將if省去，而將條件從句的主語置于were, had, should, could 之后。
Had you invited us, we would have come to your party.
Were I you, I would do more practice after class.
Could she lend us a helping hand, she would do so.
6.wish 后面的賓語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)使用虛擬語氣， 表示“可惜…;….就好了; 悔不該…;但愿…。”
主句謂語
從句謂語
wish
時(shí)態(tài)
謂語動(dòng)詞的形式
現(xiàn)在時(shí)
表示與wish同時(shí)發(fā)生
動(dòng)詞用過去時(shí)
be動(dòng)詞用were
過去時(shí)
表示在wish之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作
動(dòng)詞用had done
be用had been
將來時(shí)
表示在wish之后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作
動(dòng)詞用would do; should do
be 用 would be ; should be
1)I wish I knew the key to the answer.
2)I wish I were ten years younger.
3)I wish that I had gone to the football match last week.
4)I wish that you had been here yesterday.
5)He wishes that we would visit the old school.
7.表示命令或建議動(dòng)詞suggest, insist, propose, desire, demand, request, order, command 后的賓語從句中應(yīng)使用虛擬 should +動(dòng)詞原形; should 不可用would 來替代; 主句所使用的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)不限。
8.suggest 為“建議去做…; 命令…”從句用should + do
為“ 說明; 暗示”, 從句用過去時(shí)或過去完成時(shí)。
1) The doctor suggested that I should take the medicine three times a day.
2) The doctor suggested that my grandmother had caught a bad cold.
9.insist “堅(jiān)持要去做…，堅(jiān)持應(yīng)該去做”，從句用should + do為“堅(jiān)持表明，堅(jiān)持說/解釋”， 從句用過去時(shí)或過去完成時(shí)。
10.虛擬語氣也用于表語從句和主語從句中，表示間接的命令、要求、請(qǐng)求、建議、決定等，主句的主語通常是suggestion, proposal, request, order, idea 等。表語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞是should +動(dòng)詞原型，should 可以省略。
11.在主語從句中，當(dāng)從句用來表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜等，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用需擬語氣形式。其謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)should + 動(dòng)詞原型， 或should 省略。
三.鞏固練習(xí)
1. If there were no subjunctive mood, English _________ much easier.
A. will be B. would have been
C. could have been D. would be
2. If I _____ you, I’d join the army.
A. am B. was C. were D. would be
3. If he _______ tomorrow, he would find Mr Wang in the office.
A. comes B. will come C. should come D. come
4. If it _______ next week , the crops would be saved.
A. rains B. will rains C. would rain D. should rain
5. If I _______ it, I would do it in a different way.
A. were to do B. do C. had done D. was to do
6. Supposing the weather ________ bad, where would you go ?
A. is B. will be C. were D. be
7. If he had worked harder, he _________.
A. would succeed B. had succeeded
C. should succeed D. would have succeeded
8. If he ________, he _________ that food.
A. was warned; would not take
B. had been warned; would not have taken
C. would be warned; had not taken
D. would have been warned; had not taken
9. If my lawyer _________ here last Saturday, he _______ me from going.
A. had been; would have prevented
B. had been; would prevent
C. were; would prevent
D. were; would have prevented
10. If he ______ it, he _______ it.
A. had seen; could have believed B. saw; couldn’t believe
C. saw; couldn’t have believed D. has seen; had believed
11. —Do you think the thief entered through the window?
—No, if he had, I don’t believe, _______ broken the living-room’s window.
A. he would have B. he must have
C. he had D. should he have
12. —Did you go swimming last Sunday?
—No. We would have gone ______ nicer.
A. if the weather was
B. would the weather have been
C. had the weather been
D. should the weather be
13. ______ it ______ for your help, I couldn’t have made any progress.
A. Had; not been B. Should; not been
C. Did; not been D. Not; been
14. _______ today, he would get there by Friday.
A. Would have left B. Was he leaving
C. Were he to leave D. If he leaves
15. It is ordered that a new bridge ______ over the wide river.
A. should be built B. would built
C. will be built D. built
四.答案
1.D 2.C 3.C 4.D 5.A 6.C 7.D 8.B 9.A 10.A 11.D 12.C 13.A 14.C 15.A
