直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)
一、 間接引語(yǔ)的概念和變化規(guī)律
1、間接引語(yǔ)是用自己的話(huà)去轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話(huà)。
引用或轉(zhuǎn)述別人說(shuō)的話(huà)時(shí)，采用兩種形式：一是一字不改地將別人的話(huà)加以引用，這叫直接引語(yǔ);二是用自己的話(huà)加以轉(zhuǎn)述，這叫間接引語(yǔ)。一般來(lái)講，直接引語(yǔ)須放在引號(hào)內(nèi)，間接引語(yǔ)不必用引號(hào)，而且多用賓語(yǔ)從句的形式表達(dá)。例如：
She said, “I was ill yesterday.”
→She said that she had been ill the day before.
由以上例句可以看出，直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，不僅把直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)橘e語(yǔ)從句，增加連詞that，而且還需相應(yīng)地改變代詞、動(dòng)詞和狀語(yǔ)。如I 變成了she，was變成had been，yesterday變成the day before。
2、直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，人稱(chēng)代詞要根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)述人的立場(chǎng)作相應(yīng)變動(dòng)。
人稱(chēng)代詞的變動(dòng)情況要根據(jù)語(yǔ)境及轉(zhuǎn)述人的不同作相應(yīng)變化，一般情況下，與漢語(yǔ)中的變化相同。可記住一個(gè)口訣：“一主、二賓、三不變”。即第一人稱(chēng)按照主句中的主語(yǔ)變化，第二人稱(chēng)按照主句中的賓語(yǔ)變化，第三人稱(chēng)一般不需要變化。例如：
1) He said, “I am glad to see you.”
→He said that he was glad to see me.
2) “Do you know the man over there?” Mary said to Tom.
→Mary asked Tom if he knew the man over there.
3) Jim said to me, “Jane left her schoolbag at home.”
→Jim told me that Jane had left her schoolbag at home.
3、間接引語(yǔ)中動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的變化。
1)當(dāng)引述的動(dòng)詞為現(xiàn)在時(shí)形式時(shí)，間接引語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)不變。例如：
Tom says, “Our teacher is kind to us.”
→Tom says that their teacher is kind to them.
2)當(dāng)引述的動(dòng)詞為過(guò)去時(shí)形式時(shí)，間接引語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞作如下變更：
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)→一般過(guò)去時(shí) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)→不變
一般過(guò)去時(shí)→過(guò)去完成時(shí) 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)→過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)
一般將來(lái)時(shí)→過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)→過(guò)去完成時(shí)
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)→過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)→不變
He said, “I will leave for Beijing tomorrow.”
→He said that he would leave for Beijing the next day.
如果所轉(zhuǎn)述的內(nèi)容表示客觀真理或有表示某一絕對(duì)具體的過(guò)去時(shí)間作狀語(yǔ)，間接引語(yǔ)中動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)不變。例如：
The teacher said, “The earth is round.”
→The teacher said that the earth is round.
He said, “I was born in 1980.”
→He said that he was born in 1980.
4、直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)和表示“方向”動(dòng)詞的變化。
this → that, these → those; now → then, today → that day, tomorrow → the next (following) day, next week → the next week, yesterday → the day before, last night → the night before, ago → before; here → there; come → go.
如果在當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述， here不必改為there, 動(dòng)詞come不必改為 go; 如果在當(dāng)天轉(zhuǎn)述，yesterday，tomorrow等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)也不必改變。例如：
Kate said, “I will come here tomorrow to help these children with their English.”
→Kate said that she would go there the next day to help those children with their English.(不是在當(dāng)天當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述)
→Kate said that she will come here tomorrow to help these children with their English.(在當(dāng)天當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述)
二、當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)是陳述句時(shí)
直接引語(yǔ)是陳述句時(shí)，間接引語(yǔ)用that引導(dǎo)，但在口語(yǔ)中that可以省去。從句中的人稱(chēng)、時(shí)態(tài)、指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)等要作相應(yīng)的變化。例如：
She said to me, “I came back an hour ago.”
→She said to/told me that she had come back an hour before.
三、當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)是一般疑問(wèn)句、選擇疑問(wèn)句、反意疑問(wèn)句時(shí)
1、原句若為一般疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，用whether或if 轉(zhuǎn)述;原句若為選擇疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，用whether…or…/…or not;原句若為反意疑問(wèn)句，則常用whether或if 轉(zhuǎn)述。
2、疑問(wèn)句語(yǔ)序變?yōu)殛愂鼍湔Z(yǔ)序。
3、主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為said時(shí)，要改為asked;沒(méi)有間接賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以加一個(gè)間接賓語(yǔ)(如me，him等)。
4、句末用句號(hào)。
5、從句中的人稱(chēng)、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和狀語(yǔ)等也要作相應(yīng)的變化。
He said, “Are you interested in English?”
→He asked (me) if /whether I was interested in English.
I asked him, “Will you stay at home or go to a film tonight?”
→I asked him whether he would stay at home or go to a film that night.
“You’ve already got well, haven’t you?” she asked.
→She asked (me) whether/if I had already got well.
四、當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)是特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí)
如果直接引語(yǔ)是特殊疑問(wèn)句，改為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，仍用原句中的wh-類(lèi)的詞引導(dǎo)，其余的變化同直接引語(yǔ)為一般疑問(wèn)句的情況2—5條一樣。例如：
“What is your name?” he asked me.
→He asked me what my name was.
He asked: “Where are you to get off, Peter?”
→He asked Peter where he was to get off.
如果在直接引語(yǔ)的特殊疑問(wèn)句中，疑問(wèn)詞作主語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)的修飾語(yǔ)，則語(yǔ)序不需要變化。例如：
“Whose picture is the most beautiful in your class?” asked the boy’s father.
→The boy’s father asked him whose picture was the most beautiful in his class.
五、當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)是祈使句時(shí)
直接引語(yǔ)為祈使句，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)可用如下的結(jié)構(gòu)“主語(yǔ)+asked/advised sb. (not) to do sth.”。
1、需將原祈使句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變成不定式。如果祈使句為否定句，則用不定式的否定形式，即在不定式前加not。
2、原主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞said須改為asked，told，ordered，warned或advised等含有祈使意義的能帶賓補(bǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞。
3、原句有“please”時(shí)，主句謂語(yǔ)多用asked(請(qǐng)求)，并去掉please。例如：
He said to me, “Shut the window, please.”
→He asked me to shut the window.
He said, “Don’t make so much noise.”
→He told us not to make so much noise.
如果以let開(kāi)頭的祈使句表示勸告或建議，可用“suggest + that從句”或“suggest doing”來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)述。例如：
“Let’s go to the cinema.” Tom said.
→Tom suggested that they (should) go to the cinema.
→Tom suggested going to the cinema.
六、直接引語(yǔ)是感嘆句時(shí)
直接引語(yǔ)是感嘆句變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)仍可用what或how引導(dǎo)，詞序不變，也可用that 引導(dǎo)，將句子變成相應(yīng)的名詞性從句。例如：
She said, “What a lovely day it is!”
→She said what a lovely day it was.
→She said that it was a lovely day.
直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)練習(xí)題
將下列句中的直接引語(yǔ)改為間接引語(yǔ)
1. I said to/ordered my boy, “Go home.”
2. The doctor said to her, “Don’t eat too much fat.”
3. “Have you any difficulty?” he asked me.
4. He said/asked, “Is she coming?”
5. He said/asked, “Where have you been?”
6. “Why didn’t you tell me earlier?” I asked her.
7. He asked me, “How long will it take to go there by plane?”
8. He told/said to me, “Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809.”
9. He asked me, “Do you study English or French?”
10. He said, “How happy I am!”
