現(xiàn)在完成時講解
一、基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+have/has+過去分詞(done)
①肯定句：主語+have/has+過去分詞+其他
②否定句：主語+have/has+not+過去分詞+其他
③一般疑問句：Have/Has+主語+過去分詞+其他
④特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句(have/has+主語+過去分詞+其他)
二、用法
1) 現(xiàn)在完成時的"完成用法"
現(xiàn)在完成時用來表示現(xiàn)在之前已發(fā)生過或完成的動作或狀態(tài),但其結(jié)果卻和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系,也就是說,動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過去但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在.
He has turned off the light.他已把燈關(guān)了。(動作結(jié)束于過去，但說明的是現(xiàn)在的情況--燈現(xiàn)在不亮了。)
I have spent all of my money.(含義是:現(xiàn)在我沒有錢花了.)
Jane has laid the table.(含義是:現(xiàn)在桌子已經(jīng)擺好了.)
2) 現(xiàn)在完成時的"未完成用法"
指的是動作開始于過去某一時刻，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，或可能還要繼續(xù)下去。這里的動詞要用持續(xù)性動詞。常與for(+時間段),since(+時間點)連用.
Mary has been ill for three days.
Mary has been ill since three days ago.
注意:1.現(xiàn)在完成時不能單獨與準確時間連用，(如表示過去的時間狀語)
如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等，除非與for, since連用.
2.現(xiàn)在完成時往往同表示不確定的過去時間狀語連用
,如already(肯定), yet(否定，疑問), just, before, recently, still, lately等:
He has already obtained a scholarship.
I haven’t seen much of him recently (lately).
We have seen that film before.
Have they found the missing child yet ?
3. 現(xiàn)在完成時常常與表示頻度的時間狀語連用,
如ever, never, twice, several times等:
Have you ever been to Beijing
I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.
I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.
George has met that gentleman several times.
4. 現(xiàn)在完成時還往往可以同包括現(xiàn)在時間在內(nèi)的時間狀語連用,
如up to these few days/weeks/months/years, just, up to present(now), so far等:
Peter has written six papers so far.
Up to the present everything has been successful.
5. 現(xiàn)在完成時還可以用來表示過去的一個時間到現(xiàn)在這段時間內(nèi)重復發(fā)生的動作.
We have had four texts this semester.
6. have been to 和have gone to的區(qū)別
have been to 強調(diào)“去過”，現(xiàn)已不在那里，如：
He has been to the USA three times.
他到美國去過三次。(過去“到美國”，現(xiàn)在已“不在美國”)
have gone to主要強調(diào)的是“去了”，現(xiàn)在人不在說話的現(xiàn)場，如：
--Where’s your mother? --你媽媽在哪?
--She has gone to the hospital. --她去醫(yī)院了。
has been in 一直在某地
三、現(xiàn)在完成時考點例析
現(xiàn)在完成時是較難掌握、中考考查較多的時態(tài)。涉及的考點有：
一、考查其構(gòu)成
"助動詞have (has) +動詞過去分詞"構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時。如：
1. Kate’s never seen Chinese films，____ ? A. hasn’t she B. has she C. isn’t she D. is she
析：陳述句部分含否定詞never,簡略問句部分要用肯定式，又因Kate’s是Kate has的縮寫，故選B。
2. His uncle has already posted the photos to him. (改為否定句)
His uncle ______ posted the photos to him ______.
析：already常用在肯定句中，yet常用在否定句、疑問句中，故填hasn’t, yet。
3. -Ann has gone to Shanghai. -So ______her parents. A. has B. had C. did D. have
析："so+助/系/情態(tài)動詞+主語"結(jié)構(gòu)中的動詞形式應(yīng)與前句結(jié)構(gòu)中動詞形式保持一致，又后句的主語為her parents是復數(shù),故選D。
二、考查其用法與標志詞
(一)當句中有never, ever, just, already, yet, before等時，常用現(xiàn)在完成時。如：
1. -Mum, may I go out and play basketball? -______you______ your homework yet?
A. Do; finish B. Are; finishing C. Did; finish D. Have; finished
2. -______ you ______anywhere before? -Yes, but I can’t remember where I______
A. Did; surf; surfed B. Have; surfed; surfed
C. Did; surf; have surfed D. Have; surfed; have surfed
析：據(jù)yet和before可知,應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時，故1題選D，2題選D。
(二)當句中有"for +段時間"或"since +點時間"等時，主句常用現(xiàn)在完成時，謂語動詞必須是延續(xù)性動詞，若是非延續(xù)性動詞，要改為延續(xù)性動詞或表狀態(tài)的詞(短語)。如：
1. His brother has been to Stone Forest twice______he came to Yunnan.
A. after B. before C. since D. for
析：主句用的是現(xiàn)在完成時，而從句用的是一般過去時，故選C。
2. Tom______the CD player for two weeks.
A. has lent B. has borrowed C. has bought D. has had
析：A、B、C均為非延續(xù)性動詞，在肯定句中不與表"段時間"的短語連用，故選D。
3. I______a letter from him since he left.
A. didn’t receive B. haven’t got C. didn’t have D. haven’t heard
析：據(jù)since可知，應(yīng)排除A、C，"hear from sb.=receive/get/have a letter from sb."意為"收到某人的來信"，故選B。
三、考查have/has been (to, in)/have/has gone (to)的區(qū)別。如：
1. -Have you ever______Lintong to see the Terra Cotta Warriors?-Yes, I have.
A. went to B. gone to C. been in D. been to
析：據(jù)句中的have，排除A，B項意為"去某地了"，C項意為"一直呆在某地"，D項意為"去過某地"，符合題意，故選D。
2. My parents ______ Shangdong for ten years.
A. have been in B. have been to C. have gone to D. have been
析：本題句中有"for+段時間"結(jié)構(gòu)，據(jù)此可排除C，B項意為"去過某地"，不合題意，D項缺介詞，故選A。
四、考查現(xiàn)在完成時與其他時態(tài)的聯(lián)系和區(qū)別。如：
1. Sun’s aunt has gone there for ten years.(改成正確的句子)
析：非延續(xù)性動詞與"段時間"連用時，除了把非延續(xù)性動詞改成延續(xù)性動詞外，還可把動詞改為一般過去時或借助句型"It’s +段時間+since+從句"進行句子轉(zhuǎn)換。故答案為：Sun’s aunt has been there for ten years. /Sun’s aunt went there ten years ago. /It’s ten years since Sun’s aunt went there.
2. Susan has been in this city for more than ten years.(改為同義句)
________more than ten years ____Susan ______to this city.
析：據(jù)上題分析，且since引導的從句要用一般過去時，故填I(lǐng)t is, since, came。
3. I won’t go to the concert because I ____my ticket.
A. lost B. don’t lose C. have lost D. is coming
析：因我丟了票的動作發(fā)生在過去，而且對現(xiàn)在造成了我不能參加音樂會的結(jié)果，符合現(xiàn)在完成時所表示的含意，故選C。
英語的行為動詞有持續(xù)性動詞和瞬間性動詞之分，使用中應(yīng)注意兩者的區(qū)別。
一、持續(xù)性動詞: 表示一個動作可以持續(xù)一段時間或更長時間。
常見的study, play, do, read, learn, drive, write, clean , sleep, speak, talk, wait, fly, stay, sit, stand, lie, keep等。
二、瞬間性動詞: 表示一個動作發(fā)生在一瞬間，非常短暫。亦稱終止性動詞。
常見的--begin, start, finish, go, come, leave, find, get up, arrive, reach, get to, enter, hear, stop, open, close, become, buy, borrow, lend, happen, join, lose, renew, die, take away, put up, set out, put on, get on/off等
瞬間性動詞在完成時中如要與表示持續(xù)一段時間的狀語連用，通常有兩種方法：
(1)用意思相當?shù)某掷m(xù)性動詞來替換
He has been in the army/a soldier for three years. (他參軍已有3年了。)不用has joined
She has been up for quite some time. (她起床已有好久了。)不用has got up
Has your brother been away from home for a long time? (離家已有好久了嗎?)不用has left
常用瞬間動詞相應(yīng)持續(xù)性動詞關(guān)系：
1、go—be away 2、come—be here 3、come back—be back
4、leave—be away(be not here)
5、buy—have 6、borrow—keep 7、die——be dead
8、begin——be on
9、finish—be over 10、open——be open 11、close——be closed
12、lose——be lost
13、get to know—know 14、turn on—be on 15、get up——be up
16、sit down—sit/beseated 17、join—be in(…)或be a…member
18、become—be
(2)用it is…since…結(jié)構(gòu)來替換瞬間動詞
例如：電影已經(jīng)開映5分鐘了。(兩種方法)
(1)The film has been on for five minutes.
(2)It’s five minutes since the film began.
他離開上海已有3天了。(兩種方法)
(1)He has been away from Shanghai for three days.
(2)It is three days since he left Shanghai.
這本書我還給圖書館已有兩周了。(一種方法)
It’s two weeks since I returned the book to the library.
他找到他妹妹已有多久了?(一種方法)
How long is it since be found his sister?
4、瞬間動詞的否定形式可以與表示一段時間的狀語連用
例如：I haven’t seen you for a long time.(好久沒見到你了。)
用所給詞的適當形式填空
1. All the furniture in the building _______ (belong)to the company not to his own..
2. When I was at college I _______(speak) three foreign languages, but I _______(forget) all except a few words of each.
3. -----We would have walked to the station. It was so near.
----- Yes, a taxi _______(be) at all necessary.
4. I don’t really work here. I _______ (just help out)until the new secretary arrives.
5. He _______(break) his leg when he _______(play) in a football match.
6. The new secretary is supposed to report to the manager as soon as she _______(arrive).
7. As she _______ (read)newspaper, Granny _______ (fall)asleep.
8. ---Do you like the material?
---Yes, it _______ (feel)very soft.
9. ---Come on in, Tom. I want to show you something.
--- Oh, how nice of you! I _______(think) you _______(go) to bring me a gift.
10. ----You’ve agreed to go, so why aren’t you getting ready?
---But I _______ (realize)that you _______(want) us to start at once.
11. The house is dirty. We _______(clean)it for weeks.
12. -----_______ (I tell) the sports meet might be put off.
---- Yes, it all depends on the weather.
13. ---- I’m sorry to keep you waiting.
----Oh, not at all. I _______ (be) here only a few minutes.
14. You don’t need to describe her. I _______(meet) her several times.
15. The cost of living _______ (go up)by ten percent before the government took any action.
16. By the time new pupil _______(gather) enough courage to raise his hand , the bell for the end of the lesson _______(ring).
17. -----Did you go to Beijing for vacation ?
-----I _______(plan) to go , but I got sick at the last minute.
18. ------When will they leave ?
------They _______(leave) very soon .
19. ------Was he studying for an exam ?
------Yes , he’s _______ it next week.
20. ------Are there going to be many people at your party today ?
------We hope that _______(there be go).
21. She must have arrived there last night , _______ (do/have/need/must)she ?
22. _______ the letter , I ran out of the room to the post office.
23. Twelve inches _______ (make) one foot.
24. I _______ (think of )going to London next month.
25. He _______ (study) English for six years by the time he takes his examination.
26. By this time next year he _______ (graduate)from this college.
27. _______ (hardly I reach)the school when the bell rang.
28. He promised us that he _______ (be動) early but he _______(arrive) yet.
29. The teacher told the pupils that the earth _______(be) round.
30. The moment they met , they knew that _______ (they frends).
31. We _______ (discuss) the problem for quite some time , but we _______ (reach) any conclusion yet.
32. It wasn’t until two o’clock that I _______ (go) to sleep.
33. ------Where _______ (you put)my book ? I can’t see it anywhere.
------ I _______ (put) it on this table . But now it’s gone .
34. Perhaps it will be a long time _______(Tom come back) from abroad.
35. If the film _______ (show)is our school , we’ll go and see it .
36. -----How _______ (you get)on with your English these days .
-----Not bad.
37. -----What _______(you do) when I phoned you this morning?
------I _______ (just finish)my homework and was starting to take a boat.
38. I _______ (never read)such an interesting book before.
39. _______that the earth was the centre of the universe.
A People were believing B It was once believed
40. Two of the boys _______ (hurt)while playing football.
41. Prices _______ (rise)sharply in the past few years.
42. The number of the students in our school _______ (add up to)1200.
43. What he said at the meeting _______ (prove)true .
44. How long do you think the meeting ______(last)
45. The May 4th movement ______ (take place)in 1919.
46. These kinds of shoes ______ (not sell)well.
47. On returning home , I found I ______ (leave)umbrella in the office.
48. Once you ______ (make)a promise , you must carry it out.
49. She ______ (marry)Charles for a year.
50. The singer lived in California until he ______ (sent)to university.
1、 belongs
2、 spoke, have forgotten
3、 wasn’t
4、 am just helping out
5、 broke, was playing
6、 arrives
7、 was reading, fell
8、 feels
9、 never thought, were going
10、 didn’t realize, wanted
11、 haven’t cleaned
12、 I’ve been told
13、 have been
14、 have met
15、 had gone up
16、 had gathered ; was already ringing
17、 would gather ; would already have rung
18、 had been planning
19、 to take
20、 there are going
21、 didn’t
22、 As soon as I finished writing
23、 Makes
24、 am thinking of
25、 will have been studying
26、 will have graduated
27、 Hardly had I reached
28、 would be; hasn’t arrived
29、 is
30、 they would be friends
31、 have been discussing ,haven’t reached
32、 went
33、 have you put
34、 before Tom comes back
35、 is shown
36、 are you getting
37、 were you doing , had just finished
38、 have never read
39、 It was once believed
40、 got hurt
41、 have been risen
42、 have added up to
43、 proved
44、 will last
45、 took place
46、 don’t sell
47、 had left
48、 have made
49、 has been married to
50、 was sent
內(nèi)容相關(guān)：
英語語態(tài)講解及練習(4)——過去進行時
英語語態(tài)講解及練習(3)——一般過去時
英語語態(tài)講解及練習(2)——現(xiàn)在進行時
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